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The Elements Of Style PDF - Google Docs
Jun 12, · The Elements of Style, Fourth Edition PDF, By William Strunk Jr., E. B, ISBN: X, AT THE close of the first World War, when I was a student at. This is a review of Elements of Style, by William Strunk, published by Filquarian press. This publisher specialises in public domain classics. You can find this edition in its entirety on the internet; search on `wiiliam strunk public domain'/5(). LibriVox recording of The Elements of Style, by William Strunk Jr. Read by Nicholas James Bridgewater. The Elements of Style () by William Strunk, Jr. is an American English writing style guide. It is one of the best-known and most influential prescriptive treatment of English grammar and usage, and often is required reading in U.S. high school and university composition classes.
Download elements of style pdf
Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as possible, including inconsistencies in spelling and hyphenation. Some corrections of spelling and punctuation have been made. They are marked like this in the text. The original text appears when hovering the cursor over the marked text. A list of amendments is at the end of the text. This book aims to give in brief space the principal requirements of plain English style. It aims to lighten the task of instructor and student by concentrating attention in Chapters II and III on a few essentials, the rules of usage and principles of composition most commonly violated.
In accordance with this plan it lays down three rules for the use of the comma, instead of a score or more, and one for the use of the semicolon, in the belief that these four rules provide for all the internal punctuation that is required by nineteen sentences out of twenty. The book thus covers only a small portion of the field of English style. The experience of its writer has been that once past the essentials, students profit most by individual instruction based on the problems of their own work, and that each instructor has his own body of theory, which he may prefer to that offered by any textbook.
The writer's colleagues in the Department of English in Cornell University have greatly helped him in the preparation of his manuscript, download elements of style pdf.
In these will be found full discussions of many points here briefly treated and an abundant store of illustrations to supplement those given in this book. It is an old observation that the best writers sometimes disregard the rules of rhetoric. When they do so, however, the reader will usually find in the sentence some compensating merit, attained at the cost of the violation. Unless he is certain of doing as well, he will probably do best to follow the rules. After he has learned, by their guidance, to write plain English adequate for everyday uses, let download elements of style pdf look, for the secrets of style, to the study of the masters of literature.
Exceptions are the possessive of ancient proper names in -es and -isthe possessive Jesus'and such forms as for conscience' sakefor righteousness' sake. But such forms as Achilles' heelMoses' lawsIsis' temple are commonly replaced by.
The pronominal possessives hersitstheirsyoursand oneself have no apostrophe. This rule is difficult to apply; it is frequently hard to decide whether a single word, such as howeverdownload elements of style pdf, or a brief phrase, download elements of style pdf, is or is not parenthetic. If the interruption to the flow of the sentence is but slight, the writer may safely omit the commas.
But whether the interruption be slight or considerable, he must never insert one comma and omit the other. Such punctuation as. If a parenthetic expression is preceded by a conjunction, place the first comma before the conjunction, not after it. Always to be regarded as parenthetic and to be enclosed between commas or, at the end of the sentence, download elements of style pdf, between comma and period are the following:. In this sentence the clause introduced by which does not serve to tell which of several possible audiences is meant; what audience is in question is supposed to be already known.
The clause adds, parenthetically, a statement supplementing that in the main clause. The sentence is virtually a combination of two statements which might have been made independently:. Compare the restrictive relative clause, not set off by commas, in the sentence. Here the clause introduced by who does serve to tell which of several possible candidates is meant; the sentence cannot be split download elements of style pdf into two independent statements.
Nether Stowey is completely identified by its name; the statement about Coleridge is therefore supplementary and parenthetic. The day spoken of is identified only by the dependent clause, which is therefore restrictive. Similar in principle to the enclosing of parenthetic expressions between commas is the setting off by commas of phrases or dependent clauses preceding or following the main clause of a sentence.
Partly by hard fighting, partly by diplomatic skill, they enlarged their dominions to the east, and rose to royal rank with the possession of Download elements of style pdf, exchanged afterwards for Sardinia. Other illustrations may be found in sentences quoted under Rules 456716and Download elements of style pdf early records of the city have disappeared, and the story of its first years can no longer be reconstructed.
Sentences of this type, isolated from their context, may seem to be in need of rewriting. Download elements of style pdf they make complete sense when the comma is reached, the second clause has the appearance of an afterthought. Further, download elements of style pdf, and is the least specific of connectives. Used between independent clauses, it indicates only that a relation exists between them without defining that relation.
In the example above, the relation is that of cause and result. The two sentences might be rewritten:. As the early records of the city have disappeared, the story of its first years can no longer be reconstructed. Owing to the disappearance of the early records of the city, the story of its first years can no longer be reconstructed. But a writer may err by making his sentences too uniformly compact and periodic, and an occasional loose sentence prevents the style from becoming too formal and gives the reader a certain relief, download elements of style pdf.
Consequently, loose sentences of the type first quoted are common in easy, unstudied writing. Two-part sentences of which the second member is introduced by as in the sense of becauseforornorand while in the sense of and at the same time likewise require a comma before the conjunction.
The connectives so and yet may be used either as adverbs or as conjunctions, accordingly as the second clause is felt to be co-ordinate or subordinate; consequently either mark of punctuation may be justified. But these uses of so equivalent to accordingly or to so that are somewhat colloquial and should, as a rule, be avoided in writing.
A simple correction, usually serviceable, is to omit the word so and begin the first clause with as or since :. If a dependent clause, or an introductory phrase requiring to be set off by a comma, precedes the second independent clause, no comma is needed after the conjunction. The situation is perilous, but if we are prepared to act promptly, there is still one chance of escape.
When the subject is the same for both clauses and is expressed only once, a comma is required if the connective is but. If the connective is andthe comma should be omitted if the relation between the two statements is close or immediate. If two or more clauses, grammatically complete and not joined by a conjunction, are to form a single compound sentence, the proper mark of punctuation is a semicolon.
It is of course equally correct to write the above as two sentences each, replacing the semicolons by periods, download elements of style pdf. Stevenson's romances are entertaining. They are full of exciting adventures. A comparison of the three forms given above will show clearly the advantage of the first. It is, at least in the examples given, better than the second form, because it suggests the close relationship between the two statements in a way that the second does not attempt, and better than the third, because briefer and therefore more forcible.
Indeed it may be said that this simple method of indicating relationship between statements is one of the most useful devices of composition. The relationship, as above, is commonly one of cause or of consequence. Note that if the second clause is preceded by an adverb, such as accordinglybesidesthenthereforeor download elements of style pdfand not by a conjunction, the semicolon is still required. Two exceptions to the rule may be admitted.
If the clauses are very short, and are alike in form, a comma is usually permissible:. Note that in these examples the relation is not one of cause or consequence.
Also in the colloquial form of expression. But this form of expression is inappropriate in writing, except in the dialogue of a story or play, or perhaps in a familiar letter. I met them on a Cunard liner several years ago.
Coming home from Liverpool to New York. He was an interesting talker. A man who had traveled all over the world and lived in half a dozen countries. In both these examples, the first period should be replaced by a comma, and the following word begun with a small letter. It is permissible to make an emphatic word or expression serve the purpose of a sentence and to punctuate it accordingly:.
The writer must, however, be certain that the emphasis is warranted, and that he will not be suspected of a mere blunder in syntax or in punctuation. Rules 345download elements of style pdf, and 6 cover the most important principles in the punctuation of ordinary sentences; they should be so thoroughly mastered that their application becomes second nature. The word walking refers to the subject of the sentence, not to the woman. If the writer wishes to make it refer to the woman, he must recast the sentence:.
Participial phrases preceded by a conjunction or by a preposition, nouns in apposition, adjectives, download elements of style pdf, and adjective phrases come under the same rule if they begin the sentence. If the subject on which you are writing is of slight extent, or if you intend to treat it very briefly, there may be no need of subdividing it into topics.
Thus a brief description, a brief summary of a literary work, a brief account of a single incident, a narrative merely outlining an action, the setting forth of a single idea, download elements of style pdf, any one of these is best written in a single paragraph, download elements of style pdf.
After the paragraph has been written, examine it to see whether subdivision will not improve it. Ordinarily, however, a subject requires subdivision into topics, each of which should be made the subject of a paragraph. The object of treating download elements of style pdf topic in a paragraph by itself is, download elements of style pdf, of course, to aid the reader. The beginning of each paragraph is a signal to him that a new step in the development of the subject has been reached.
The extent of subdivision will vary with the length of the composition. For example, a short notice of a book or poem might consist of a single paragraph, download elements of style pdf.
One slightly longer might consist of two paragraphs:. The contents of paragraphs C and D would vary with the poem. Usually, paragraph C would indicate the actual or imagined circumstances of the poem the situationif these call for explanation, and would then state the subject and outline its development.
If the poem is a narrative in the third person throughout, paragraph C need contain no more than a concise summary of the action. Paragraph D would indicate the leading ideas and show how they are made prominent, or would indicate what points in the narrative are chiefly emphasized.
In treating either of these last two subjects, the writer would probably find it necessary to subdivide one or more of the topics here given. As a rule, single sentences should not be written or printed as paragraphs. An exception may be made of sentences of transition, indicating the relation between the parts of an exposition or argument. Frequent exceptions are also necessary in download elements of style pdf, guidebooks, and other works in which many topics are download elements of style pdf briefly.
In dialogue, each speech, even if only a single word, is a paragraph by itself; that is, a new paragraph begins with each change of speaker. The application of this rule, when dialogue and narrative are combined, is best learned from examples in well-printed works of fiction. Again, the object is to aid the reader.
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The Elements Of blogger.com - Free download Ebook, Handbook, Textbook, User Guide PDF files on the internet quickly and easily. The Elements of Style, when I reexamined it in , seemed to me to contain rich deposits of gold. It was Will Strunk's parvum opus, his attempt to cut the vast tangle of English rhetoric down to size and write its rules and principles on the head of a pin. Will. Free download elements of style book now is available, you just need to subscribe to our book vendor, fill the registration form and the digital book copy will present to you. Our reader mostly like to read elements of style book in PDF / ePub / Kindle format. share elements of style book to your friend if you like this amazing fiction book.
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